128 ERNST R WENDLAND Vermeer, H J 1989. Finalement, la métaphore dans la médecine, liée à la dernière partie de l’analyse, 7 sera aussi examinée d’un point de vue conceptuel, ce qui aidera à illustrer quelques expressions lexicales intéressantes dans la traduction. The theory treats the source text as an "offer of information in a target culture" and this view is seen as a consequence of constructivist comprehension theories. A translatum does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. [18]. [31], 对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子,根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现, 适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的,可以宣告缓刑。, A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society. Vermeer, H. J. The second directive highlights the importance between the relationship of the source text and target text to their functions in their respective linguistic and cultural contexts. [18], "The name and nature of translation studies", "Function + Loyalty: Theology meets Skopos", "Skopos theory: A practical approach in the translation process", "Hans Vermeer Skopos Theory of translation", "Study of Business English translation based on the three rules of Skopos Theory", "All you need to know about legal translation? [1] In relation to this, Vermeer saw the act of translation as the production of text in specific target settings for specific purposes and people under specific circumstances. [5] It is a technical term, coined by Hans Vermeer, that represents the aim of a translation. It means that “a translation action is determined by its skopos, that is “the end justifies the means.” (Nord 2001:29). [38] Andy Cheung, writing on the application of the theory to Bible translation, suggests that it is possible to possess the function of translating the Bible into English for everyday usage and have a sub-skopos of ensuring accessibility for Second Language English users simultaneously. [31] This will allow the meaning of both the English and Chinese translations to be accurate and adequate. Reiss, K., Vermeer, H. J., Nord, C., & Dudenhöfer, M. (2015). Ces deux œuvres sont à la base du fonctionnalisme allemand des années 1980. As an interdiscipline, Translation Studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. [20] This shift had been motivated by the Communication Theory, Action Theory, Text Linguistics and Text Theory, and the orientation towards Reception Theory in Literary Studies. [17] However, when the client does not explicitly provide the detailed translation commission, probably due to the unfamiliarity with intercultural communication, the translator ought to negotiate and provide directions on whether the source text has to be translated and the type of target text needed to achieve the purpose, which is the skopos. [24] As defined by Vermeer and translated by Nord, the Skopos rule states: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. [20] Consequently, Skopos Theory formed in that period, and under the influence of the aforementioned theories, had a functionally and socioculturally oriented framework[20][21] due to its focus on translation factors that lie between extra-linguistic and textual. La gauche apprend aux petits garçons de 2 ans à se comporter en filles, et aux petites filles de 2 ans à se comporter en garçons. [5] As quoted from Nord, this rule states: A translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation. [12] For example, if a client requires the target text to be informative, the translator can adopt a strategy that accurately translates technical terms subjected to the cultural norms practiced in the community. Additionally, with the tool of a translation brief, it provides translators with an explicit guideline discussed with the client. [17], A commission should comprise as much detailed information as possible on the following (1) the goal, i.e. [32] Under Skopos Theory, the translation of a text is executed in a way that can be used for the purpose and audience that it is intended for, and three rules of Skopos Theory have been argued to assist translators in legal translations. [24] As defined by Vermeer and translated by Nord, the Skopos rule states: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The function of a translation depends on the knowledge, expectations, values and norms of the target readers, who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture. Foreignization is the strategy of retaining information from the source text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. The English King James Version or "Authorized Version", published in 1611, has been one of the most debated English versions. Researching on the applications of Skopos Theory on Chinese law, scholar Liu Yanping demonstrates strategies such as shifting, omission, cutting, addition, combination and conversion, with an example of omission as follows: 犯罪分子有揭发他人犯罪行为,查证属实的,或者提供重要线索,从而得以侦破其他案件等立功表现的, 可以从轻或者减轻处罚;有重大立功表现的,可以减轻或者免除处罚。犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的,应当减轻或者免除处罚。, Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment. Numerous criticisms have been addressed toward the application of Skopos theory within translation studies. Skopos Theory begets benefits such as streamlining the complications derived when translators and clients have different perceptions of a successful translation, prevalent in past translation theories. (1978). Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment. This shift towards the target text is at the expense of the source text which is depowered in its linguistic nature of stylistic features and consequently, disregarding the minor semantic features of the target text catered specially for the target reader. [31] This includes the translation of civil and criminal justice systems documents such as contracts, licenses, trademarks and copyrights, litigation agreements, regulations, etc. Reiss, K., Vermeer, H. J., Nord, C., & Dudenhöfer, M. (2015). [19] Thus, it can be seen that although Skopos Theory is more target-oriented, the cultural aspects of the source and target languages play important roles. [1] Instead, the Skopos Theory places emphasis on a top-down approach that underscores the target text. [31]. Depending on the needs of the situation, the translator should bear the skopos in mind and determine if a ‘free’ or ‘faithful’ translation should be produced. There is a need to be explicit in expressions and the transfer of information to avoid misunderstandings on crucial matters such as contracts, which can in turn prevent unnecessary lawsuits. The terms dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence, coined by Eugene Nida, are associated with two dissimilar translation approaches that are employed to achieve different levels of literalness between the source text and the target text, as evidenced in biblical translation. It was established in the 1970s by Danica Seleskovitch, a French translation scholar and former Head of the Paris School of Interpreters and Translators. [41] Delving into the purpose of the translational action and not touching on an underlying linguistic analysis may not necessarily achieve the intended aptitude of the target language. [38] The sub-skopos does not support the usage of Anglo-Saxon idioms and a less metaphoric description will be easier for Second Language English users to comprehend. [5] The factor of ‘loyalty’ introduced by Nord can reduce this limitation by examining “the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addressees and the initiator”. [16] It states the instruction to execute an assigned action, that is “to translate”. 51, Nº. [31] The Fidelity rule revolves around the maintenance of coherence from the source text to the target text. The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. 2. La visée du texte d'origine est moins importante que celle du texte cible, ce qui s'oppose aux théories qui valorisent … [36] On the other hand, a version known as the International Children’s Bible is concerned with translating the language of the Bible into simple English to increase accessibility for readers with less proficiency in English. [1] Paul Kussmaul illustrates skopos theory as "the functional approach has a great affinity with skopos theory. [38] Cheung raises the fact that while Psalm 84:3a could have been translated as "Birds find nooks and crannies in your house", the version used in The Living Bible is more suitable: "Even the sparrows and swallows are welcome to come and nest among your altars". [2], As a realisation of James Holmes’ map of Translation Studies (1972), [3] [4] Skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory [5] that emerged around the late twentieth century. Additionally, with the tool of a translation brief, it provides translators with an explicit guideline discussed with the client. (Vermeer, Reiss, 1996, p. 120) •Le principe dominante de toute traduction est sa finalité (skopos). [citation needed] Thus, under this interpretation, intratextual coherence would specify that a translation is only considered adequate if the receivers can understand the text and interpret it to be coherent with the communicative situation and culture. Advertising translation focuses on preserving the persuasive aspect of an advertisement and adjusting it to suit the target market and culture in a translational action. Le skopos ( allemand : Skopostheorie du grec moderne : σκοπός, finalité) est l'une des théories de la traduction. Pour comprendre le dernier point du paragraphe précédent, rappelons que la théorie du skopos combine des éléments de la théorie sur les types de textes de Reiss. A translatum is determined by its Skopos. [26], Under this framework, knowledge of the rationale behind a translation and the function of a target text are paramount for the translator to produce successful translations. Thus, the general skopos theory was established as the foundation of functional theories, with reference to the existing action theory. Liu also emphasises the importance of being aware of the differences in syntactic structures between the source and target language. La traduction se fait toujours dans le but de générer un texte cible, dans un contexte particulier, une culture particulière et pour un public particulier. [1] Koller states that in a translation proper, the source text is an indicator that allows the target text to be measured independently based on the purpose of the translational action. This shift towards the target text is at the expense of the source text which is depowered in its linguistic nature of stylistic features and consequently, disregarding the minor semantic features of the target text catered specially for the target reader. [18] In addition, the skopos of the translation is determined by a translation brief or translation commission, otherwise referred to as an “intercultural operative”. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. [citation needed] This would allow the meaning in the content of the text to be conveyed in an accurate manner to the said receivers. In addition, Skopos Theory adopts a top-down approach where the emphasis on the source text has been downplayed and overshadowed by the target text. The acts of meritorious service and repentance are forms of performance and thus, the translation of “表现” (Eng: performance) would be redundant. Dans la partie de synthèse, il réunit les objections les plus importantes contre la théorie du skopos. The University of New South Wales is one of Australia’s leading research and teaching universities. [11] This establishes new statuses of the source and target text, their relationship, the standards of a translational action and the liability of a translator. [19]. Premièrement, nous allons rappeler les bases de la théorie; nous allons ensuite les mettre en relation avec certaines lectures de l'autotraductionlittéraire qui semblent éloigner … [20] This leaves out the intricacies of the source language[20] and sentence meanings such as the lexical, syntactic and stylistic properties. [5] The factor of ‘loyalty’ introduced by Nord can reduce this limitation by examining “the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addressees and the initiator”. [1] Consequently, the translator is the key figure in this intercultural communication for the purposes of producing the translatum. 1. The New American Standard Bible aims to replicate the original Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic scripts as closely as possible. It is an interdisciplinary academic field closely related to literary criticism and translation theory. 0. [1], The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. With the rapid growth of Chinese tourism industry, a further study in translation of English for tourism is a must, since, now, there exist some problems in translation of English for tourism. ... réforme de la politique , il y a plus en plus des étrangers qui viennent voyager en Chine. Please translate the following passage into your LOTE. [2], Skopos theory was implemented by Vermeer to bridge the gap between practice and theory that existed in the previously widespread and commonplace Equivalence Theory. The third ‘overarching’ rule necessitates intertextual coherence between the source and target texts as target texts are produced in accordance to the information offered by source texts. Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment. Cet article méthodologique propose la fusion de la théorie du skopos avec celle de l’auteur – la théorie « synoptique » des « calques stratégiques », déjà développée par rapport à … [33] Via the Skopos rule and the Coherence rule, the requirement that the target text is coherent for the target text receivers will help to inform translators on adjusting the degree of preservation they want such that this coherence is preserved.[31]. Anton Popovič was a fundamental Slovak translation scientist and text theoretician. The Fidelity rule differs from ‘faithfulness’ as the latter is static and unchanging compared to the dynamic nature of the former, where form and degree of the translation changes depending on the translator’s interpretation of the source text. While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology. [ citation needed ]. The first rule to obey in the process of translation is the purpose of an overall translational action, which can also be interpreted as “the end justifies the means”. Thus, Skopos Theory can be considered as an offspring of these said theories. Soon, a handful of conference interpreters interested in research joined her at ESIT. This kind of translation solves some issues linked to culture, such as dialects, food or architecture. They were part of the development of skopos theory contributed by scholars of translation studies, categorised into four stages:[1], Skopos (Greek: σκοπός) is a Greek word defined as "purpose". La visée du texte d'origine est moins importante que celle du texte cible, ce qui s'oppose aux théories qui valorisent … [5] In the case of the term ‘skopos’ in skopos theory, it refers to the second type of purpose. It is also debatable that not all actions have an intention and not all translations involve a purpose as observed in literary texts and art that are stylistically complex, unlike in political and business texts. There is a need to be explicit in expressions and the transfer of information to avoid misunderstandings on crucial matters such as contracts, which can in turn prevent unnecessary lawsuits. This pinpoints appropriate translation strategies that the translator can adopt, fulfilling the factor of ‘adequacy’ and the needs of the client. [1], The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. [17] However, when the client does not explicitly provide the detailed translation commission, probably due to the unfamiliarity with intercultural communication, the translator ought to negotiate and provide directions on whether the source text has to be translated and the type of target text needed to achieve the purpose, which is the skopos. [11], The client will provide “as many details as possible about the purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, occasion and medium of the intended communication and the function the text is intended to have”. Anthony David Pym is a scholar best known for his work in translation studies. [citation needed]. [31] This is applicable to legal translations as legal texts are required to be precise in the definition of terms and the demarcation of its limits. [22] Vermeer and Reiß assertively frame disparate types of text relations using a general framework of skopos (purpose). [15], In order for the translator to interpret the purpose of the translation and employ strategies to act in accordance to the purpose, a translation brief provided by the client is deemed necessary. [37] The target community dictates the skopos and influences the translators’ decision as to whether they will take a more literal or liberal approach, and it is often reflected in the introductory section of the Bible. In such texts, contextual factors surrounding them became essential in their translation particularly, when in relation to the function of the text in that specific culture for the specific reader(s). Established in 1949, it is ranked among the top 60 universities in the world, renowned for the quality of its graduates and its world class research. [14] Action theory, however, has a broader scope than Skopos Theory. [5] Since translating is a form of translational action that involves intentional communication (or interaction, if it affects two or more agents) and transition, there must be a purpose associated with it. Researching on the applications of Skopos Theory on Chinese law, scholar Liu Yanping demonstrates strategies such as shifting, omission, cutting, addition, combination and conversion, with an example of omission as follows: 犯罪分子有揭发他人犯罪行为,查证属实的,或者提供重要线索,从而得以侦破其他案件等立功表现的, 可以从轻或者减轻处罚;有重大立功表现的,可以减轻或者免除处罚。犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的,应当减轻或者免除处罚。, Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment. Sense-for-sense translation is the oldest norm for translating. [27] Moreover, certain art will have the sole purpose of purely existing, for example, ‘art for art’s sake. Vinay, J-P & J. Darbelnet, J 1972. [12] For example, if a client requires the target text to be informative, the translator can adopt a strategy that accurately translates technical terms subjected to the cultural norms practiced in the community. More than 450 translations into English have been written. noun. Stylistique comparatée du francias et de l’anglais: méthode de traduction. Essentially, Skopos Theory rejects equivalence-based translation theories based on their focus on the source text, the purposes of the source text’s author or the effects of a source text on its readers as conclusive determinants in translations. She described translation as a triangular process: from one language to sense and from sense to the other language. The six underlying directives are:[24]. © 2012 - CNRTL 44, avenue de la Libération BP 30687 54063 Nancy Cedex - France Tél. [12]. C'est donc une théorie qui peut s'appliquer à n'importe quel type de traduction. [5], A communicative interaction can only be regarded as successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation.[5]. With Skopos Theory, translation no longer focuses solely on the source text but also considers the skopos or purpose of the translation. [29], It presupposes other socio-cultural conventions and the orientation towards the source text as observed in previous translation theories. In advertising translation, the Skopos rule plays an important role. [12] This promotes innovations through the concrete statement of a function and it does not confine students to a single theory while sociocultural factors evolve in a globalised society. The information will be displayed on a medium that is on UNSW’s website, for the target readers who are Indonesians. Cultural translation is the practice of translation while respecting and showing cultural differences. Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers, or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. Skopos und Translationsauftrag. (1978). Another issue is that literary and religious text involve particularly expressive and stylistic language where translations cannot operate based on the Skopos Theory. [1], Finally, the possibilities of employing an array of strategies are multifarious thus it may bring about inconsistencies in ensuring that the target text functions in its intended way which meets the expectations in its target language. Thus, with the explicit purpose identified, the translator will be able to follow it closely and choose the appropriate translation strategy to execute the commission. Teoria nojaa yleiseen toimintateoriaan: teolla pyritään tavoitteen saavuttamiseen ja tavoiteltu tila katsotaan arvokkaammaksi kuin vallitseva tila. [13] Other scholars suggest that, in the translation of materials, contextual factors have to be considered in the process such as the culture of the reader as well as the client who initiated the translation. [39] This can diminish their understanding and translation experiences for practical situations that are vital in the beginning stages of learning.[19]. [1], Skopos theory is a general framework for translators that signals “a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts”. 3. These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed." [1] [27] Instead, the Skopos Theory suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. Vermeer saw translation as an action like any other and as such, had to possess purpose (skopos) under the action theory. Skopos Theory also does not dictate a specific principle to adopt for a translation commission,[12] providing translators the decisive power to choose from a variety of strategies. [1][27] Instead, the Skopos Theory suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. Lushan Translation/LA THEORIE SKOPOS ET LA TRADUCTION MATERIELLE TOURISTIQUE: AVEC UNE ANALYSE DE MT. La théorie du skopos émet comme prémisse que tout texte a un but et un public cible qui lui est propre, et qu'une traduction possède les mêmes éléments. Another issue is that literary and religious text involve particularly expressive and stylistic language where translations cannot operate based on the Skopos Theory. Join the group for free to sort, search, and share these and tens of thousands more bibliographical references related to translation research. Secondly, because linguistics has not yet formulated the right questions to tackle our problems. As law is a culture-dependent subject field, legal translation is not necessarily linguistically transparent. Vermeer saw translation as an action like any other and as such, had to possess purpose (skopos) under the action theory. 1. The former falls under the Coherence rule which is linked to internal textual coherence, and the latter, the fidelity rule which is linked to intertextual coherence with the source text. [32] Under Skopos Theory, the translation of a text is executed in a way that can be used for the purpose and audience that it is intended for, and three rules of Skopos Theory have been argued to assist translators in legal translations. [citation needed]. [1] Nevertheless, the application of Skopos Theory can still be applied to non-literary texts that have established purposes, fulfil formal equivalence. 6. The Skopos theory answers why an equivalent fits in a particular time and in a particular situation. The Skopos theory delimits the act of translation from the traditionally defined notion of equivalence. Translation criticism is the systematic study, evaluation, and interpretation of different aspects of translated works. 2. La théorie n'impose pas un principe en particulier, celui-ci étant par ailleurs différent pour chaque nouvelle situation traductionnelle (1989b : 182). Autores: Elisabeth Lavault-Olléon Localización: Meta: Journal des traducteurs = translators' journal, ISSN 0026-0452, Vol. [40] For example, bibles consist of artistic properties that engage prophetic visions, oratorical principles and analogies such as parables.
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