Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language. Legal translation is the translation of legal and interlingual information. The information will be displayed on a medium that is on UNSW’s website, for the target readers who are Indonesians. [5], A communicative interaction can only be regarded as successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation. Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers, or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. [20] However, Skopos Theory does not take much account of the source text but treats the end (target text) as its means. “In the framework of the Skopos theory, there are not such things as right or wrong, faithfulness or unfaithfulness, and These include comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics, and terminology. [32] Under Skopos Theory, the translation of a text is executed in a way that can be used for the purpose and audience that it is intended for, and three rules of Skopos Theory have been argued to assist translators in legal translations. [19] Thus, it can be seen that although Skopos Theory is more target-oriented, the cultural aspects of the source and target languages play important roles. La teoria dello skopos (in tedesco: Skopostheorie) è una teoria nel campo della scienza della traduzione.Adotta il principio fondamentale di un'azione intenzionale che determina una strategia di traduzione e tiene in considerazione l'intenzionalità di un atto traduttivo dichiarata nelle istruzioni per la traduzione, le direttive e le leggi che guidano un traduttore durante l’opera di trasposizione per ottenere … There is a need to be explicit in expressions and the transfer of information to avoid misunderstandings on crucial matters such as contracts, which can in turn prevent unnecessary lawsuits. [1], The three main rules of the Skopos Theory that encompass the six underlying directives are:[28]. A translatum is an offer of information in a target culture and language concerning an offer of information in a source culture and source language. The New American Standard Bible aims to replicate the original Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic scripts as closely as possible. [15], In order for the translator to interpret the purpose of the translation and employ strategies to act in accordance to the purpose, a translation brief provided by the client is deemed necessary. 6. [5] Thus, this emphasises the ethical responsibility that a translator has in communicating clearly with his/her clients during a translational interaction, acting as a target text “author”. [17] However, when the client does not explicitly provide the detailed translation commission, probably due to the unfamiliarity with intercultural communication, the translator ought to negotiate and provide directions on whether the source text has to be translated and the type of target text needed to achieve the purpose, which is the skopos. La théorie du skopos émet comme prémisse que tout texte a un but et un public cible qui lui est propre, et qu'une traduction possède les mêmes éléments. - Elena-Cristina Ilinca - Produs Cadou - Produs in stoc! La théorie n'impose pas un principe en particulier, celui-ci étant par ailleurs différent pour chaque nouvelle situation traductionnelle (1989b : 182). [5] Since translating is a form of translational action that involves intentional communication (or interaction, if it affects two or more agents) and transition, there must be a purpose associated with it. 1. [1] Instead, the Skopos Theory places emphasis on a top-down approach that underscores the target text.[30]. La théorie du skopos émet comme prémisse que tout texte a un but et un public cible qui lui est propre, et qu'une traduction possède les mêmes éléments. [18] In addition, the skopos of the translation is determined by a translation brief or translation commission, otherwise referred to as an “intercultural operative”. [1] [27] Instead, the Skopos Theory suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. Premièrement, nous allons rappeler les bases de la théorie; nous allons ensuite les mettre en relation avec certaines lectures de l'autotraductionlittéraire qui semblent éloigner … [32] Under Skopos Theory, the translation of a text is executed in a way that can be used for the purpose and audience that it is intended for, and three rules of Skopos Theory have been argued to assist translators in legal translations. [24] Specifically, the combination of the general Skopos Theory[2] and Katharina Reiß’s Functional Category model[25] introduced in their collaborative articles in 1984 and 1991. Anton Popovič was a fundamental Slovak translation scientist and text theoretician. So let’s look somewhere else. A translatum must be coherent with the source text. [38] Andy Cheung, writing on the application of the theory to Bible translation, suggests that it is possible to possess the function of translating the Bible into English for everyday usage and have a sub-skopos of ensuring accessibility for Second Language English users simultaneously. [31], 对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子,根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现, 适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的,可以宣告缓刑。, A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society. [31] This includes the translation of civil and criminal justice systems documents such as contracts, licenses, trademarks and copyrights, litigation agreements, regulations, etc. With Skopos Theory, translation no longer focuses solely on the source text but also considers the skopos or purpose of the translation. These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed. [16] It states the instruction to execute an assigned action, that is “to translate”. An action is defined as “the action of acting, which means intentionally (at will) bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature)”. He is recognized for his important contributions to the modern development of translation studies. [ citation needed ]. Mar 10, 2014 – Mar 15, 2014. [20] According to the second rule of Skopos Theory, the source text acts as the originator of information that gets assimilated into the target text as the offer of information in a target language and culture (link to the rules above). [30]. Depending on the needs of the situation, the translator should bear the skopos in mind and determine if a ‘free’ or ‘faithful’ translation should be produced. Venuti's innovation to the field was his view that the dichotomy between domestication and foreignization was an ideological one; he views foreignization as the ethical choice for translators to make. Legal translation is the translation of language used in legal settings and for legal purposes. In advertising translation, the Skopos rule plays an important role. The first rule to obey in the process of translation is the purpose of an overall translational action, which can also be interpreted as “the end justifies the means”. [18]. In such texts, contextual factors surrounding them became essential in their translation particularly, when in relation to the function of the text in that specific culture for the specific reader(s). Pour comprendre le dernier point du paragraphe précédent, rappelons que la théorie du skopos combine des éléments de la théorie sur les types de textes de Reiss. [12] The new dimension that highlights a purpose can provide translators a faster and clearer direction to attain their goals of the target text. During the time period in which Vermeer's general Skopos theory was founded, the field of Translation Studies was facing a shift from predominantly more formal and ‘linguistic’ theories, where ‘faithfulness’ and ‘equivalence’ to source text was the greatest criterion with the most authority in determining a translation’s success, to theories holding greater regard for functionality and sociocultural factors. [41] Delving into the purpose of the translational action and not touching on an underlying linguistic analysis may not necessarily achieve the intended aptitude of the target language. (1978). [31] This will allow the meaning of both the English and Chinese translations to be accurate and adequate. It is also debatable that not all actions have an intention and not all translations involve a purpose as observed in literary texts and art that are stylistically complex, unlike in political and business texts. [1] Instead, the Skopos Theory places emphasis on a top-down approach that underscores the target text. The first rule to obey in the process of translation is the purpose of an overall translational action, which can also be interpreted as “the end justifies the means”. Skopos Theory begets benefits such as streamlining the complications derived when translators and clients have different perceptions of a successful translation, prevalent in past translation theories. [5] It is a technical term, coined by Hans Vermeer, that represents the aim of a translation. Cet article tente de mettre en évidence le bien-fondé d'une approche orientée culturellement des études de traduction, et la théorie du "skopos" telle qu'elle est préconisée par Hans J. Vermeer pour la communication interculturelle de la traduction publicitaire.L'annonceur joue le rôle-clé de Traducteur Initiateur (TI) dans le processus de traduction, en faisant ressortir le skopos à réaliser par le … ", https://dspace.aus.edu:8443/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11073/8097/29.232-2015.08%20Khalil%20Haddad.pdf;jsessionid=102309D0F587B2BC49E3F3AD8BF0FF26?sequence=1, "Skopos Theory in the translation of online advertising from English into Arabic", "New American Standard Bible (NASB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com", "International Children's Bible (ICB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com", "The Polysystem Theory. [5] As quoted from Nord, this rule states: A translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation. Advertising translation focuses on preserving the persuasive aspect of an advertisement and adjusting it to suit the target market and culture in a translational action. Vermeer views norms and conventions as the principal features of a culture and sees translation as comparing cultures. [12] Students and translators in training do not have guidelines to follow diligently, [23] possibly posing additional pressure and responsibilities on the translator to seek an adequate translation strategy. [41] Delving into the purpose of the translational action and not touching on an underlying linguistic analysis may not necessarily achieve the intended aptitude of the target language. [3] Unlike past translation theories that focus on linguistics and equivalence based translations at a micro level, the translatum in skopos theory does not require functional equivalence to the source text, as the goal of skopos theory places emphasis on the purpose of the translational action instead. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language. Skopos theory. [38] Cheung raises the fact that while Psalm 84:3a could have been translated as "Birds find nooks and crannies in your house", the version used in The Living Bible is more suitable: "Even the sparrows and swallows are welcome to come and nest among your altars". [17], A commission should comprise as much detailed information as possible on the following (1) the goal, i.e. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. There have been various debates concerning the proper family of biblical manuscripts and translation techniques that should be used to translate the Bible into other languages. Stylistique comparatée du francias et de l’anglais: méthode de traduction. [19] Thus, it can be seen that although Skopos Theory is more target-oriented, the cultural aspects of the source and target languages play important roles. [37] The target community dictates the skopos and influences the translators’ decision as to whether they will take a more literal or liberal approach, and it is often reflected in the introductory section of the Bible. [5]. [31] This will allow the meaning of both the English and Chinese translations to be accurate and adequate. [24] As defined by Vermeer and translated by Nord, the Skopos rule states: Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. [1], Skopos theory is a general framework for translators that signals “a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts”. With the development of modern printing techniques, these increased enormously. The client is the University of NSW; the translations are to be published on the UNSW website as information for prospective international students and their parents. [29], It presupposes other socio-cultural conventions and the orientation towards the source text as observed in previous translation theories. These strategies have been debated for hundreds of years, but the first person to formulate them in their modern sense was Lawrence Venuti, who introduced them to the field of translation studies in 1995 with his book The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. [1], Skopos theory is a general framework for translators that signals “a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts”. La visée du texte d'origine est moins importante que celle du texte cible, ce qui s'oppose aux théories qui valorisent … Vermeer saw translation as an action like any other and as such, had to possess purpose (skopos) under the action theory. Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment. A translatum must be coherent with the source text. Cultural translation is the practice of translation while respecting and showing cultural differences. The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating and interpreting ; under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community. Liu describes the translation of the terms “立功表现” and “悔罪表现” as “meritorious services” and “repentance” respectively, omitting the translation of the noun “表现” (Eng: performance). [20] This may result in the translational action being considered as an adaptation rather than a translation[19][20] as Skopos Theory is made to be suitable for any text with a stated purpose. [1] Nevertheless, the application of Skopos Theory can still be applied to non-literary texts that have established purposes, fulfil formal equivalence. [1] The fourth and fifth directives reiterate the general Skopos “rules” concerning the manner of judging success of the action and information transfer. The acts of meritorious service and repentance are forms of performance and thus, the translation of “表现” (Eng: performance) would be redundant. This means that modifications when transferring from source text to target text are appropriate in certain contexts so long the transferred element possesses the same amount of conventionality in the target culture as the original did in the source culture. [18] In addition, the skopos of the translation is determined by a translation brief or translation commission, otherwise referred to as an “intercultural operative”. An approach to children's literature". While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology. As the target text is determined by its skopos, the translator is required to consider the culture and context of the audience and also possess thorough knowledge of the advertised product. [38], A single version may also serve multiple functions, hence it is possible for multiple purposes to be identified for the same target text, but it is argued that there should be a hierarchy of importance. 128 ERNST R WENDLAND Vermeer, H J 1989. La gauche apprend aux petits garçons de 2 ans à se comporter en filles, et aux petites filles de 2 ans à se comporter en garçons. [17], A commission should comprise as much detailed information as possible on the following (1) the goal, i.e. Fondée sur la théorie cognitive de la métaphore (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999 ; Lakoff 1987 ; Johnson 1987 ; Lakoff 1993), l'analyse a permis d'identifier deux métaphores conceptuelles qui ont joué un rôle crucial dans l'élaboration de la … In a statement made by Vermeer, he stated that:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Linguistics alone won’t help us; first, because translating is not merely and not even primarily a linguistic process. meaning. [22][23] Many of the factors it adopted from the Action Theory became essential in the late twentieth century due to the growing demand for non-literary text translations. [34] [35], There are many different translated versions of the Bible operating on different purposes. There have also been debates regarding the benefits of formal translations over dynamic equivalence translations. … So let’s look somewhere else. [39] This can diminish their understanding and translation experiences for practical situations that are vital in the beginning stages of learning. Théorie du skopos. [5] In the case of the term ‘skopos’ in skopos theory, it refers to the second type of purpose. [citation needed] Thus, under this interpretation, intratextual coherence would specify that a translation is only considered adequate if the receivers can understand the text and interpret it to be coherent with the communicative situation and culture. [1] Vermeer provided several axioms or theses in order to contextualize Skopos Theory as a form of action theory and these include the claim that the Skopos of acting determines the strategy for obtaining the intended goal. She described translation as a triangular process: from one language to sense and from sense to the other language. "Ein Rahmen für eine allgemeine Translationstheorie". In order to verify the first observations made as a practitioner, Seleskovitch went on to write a doctoral thesis. 4. [38]. [1][27] Instead, the Skopos Theory suggests that translations should focus on the target culture and language illustrating the source text, their effects on the reader, and the original author’s purpose as decisive factors, rather than the effects and purposes of the source language. [19] Thus, Skopos Theory is not fully applicable to the wide stylistic genre of literature that includes literary texts. Thus, Skopos Theory can be considered as an offspring of these said theories. [12]. The client is the University of NSW; the translations are to be published on the UNSW website as information for prospective international students and their parents. As the target text is determined by its skopos, the translator is required to consider the culture and context of the audience and also possess thorough knowledge of the advertised product. [ citation needed ] This would allow the meaning in the content of the text to be conveyed in an accurate manner to the said receivers. Le skopos comme stratégie de déblocage: dialecte et scotticité dans Sunset Song de Lewis Grassic Gibbon. a specification of the aim of the commission; (2) the conditions under which the intended goal should be attained (naturally including practical matters such as deadline and fee). [ citation needed ] Thus, under this interpretation, intratextual coherence would specify that a translation is only considered adequate if the receivers can understand the text and interpret it to be coherent with the communicative situation and culture. [24] Specifically, the combination of the general Skopos Theory [2] and Katharina Reiß’s Functional Category model [25] introduced in their collaborative articles in 1984 and 1991. [2], Skopos theory was implemented by Vermeer to bridge the gap between practice and theory that existed in the previously widespread and commonplace Equivalence Theory. A translatum must be internally coherent. 4. Anthony David Pym is a scholar best known for his work in translation studies. ... réforme de la politique , il y a plus en plus des étrangers qui viennent voyager en Chine. In a statement made by Vermeer, he stated that:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Linguistics alone won’t help us; first, because translating is not merely and not even primarily a linguistic process. From this translation brief, it can be observed that the client, the University of New South Wales, requires the target language of the information to be in Indonesian. [20] This leaves out the intricacies of the source language [20] and sentence meanings such as the lexical, syntactic and stylistic properties. Reiss, K., Vermeer, H. J., Nord, C., & Dudenhöfer, M. (2015). Liu also emphasises the importance of being aware of the differences in syntactic structures between the source and target language. 5. Consequently, this generates a translatum—the target text (outcome) of a source text. Vermeer views norms and conventions as the principal features of a culture and sees translation as comparing cultures. Beginning with the 14th century, there have been increasing numbers of vernacular translations into various languages. [36] On the other hand, a version known as the International Children’s Bible is concerned with translating the language of the Bible into simple English to increase accessibility for readers with less proficiency in English. The Skopos theory delimits the act of translation from the traditionally defined notion of equivalence. La traduction se fait toujours dans le but de générer un texte cible, dans un contexte particulier, une culture particulière et pour un public particulier. Vermeer précise que le skopos ne s’applique pas seulement à une action complète - au texte entier - mais aussi, dans la mesure du possible, à des portions d’actions, … [citation needed] This would allow the meaning in the content of the text to be conveyed in an accurate manner to the said receivers. Published in 1932, the first novel of Lewis Grassic Gibbon's trilogy, Sunset Song, … Another merit to the Skopos Theory is that under it, students are presented with opportunities to develop their creativity, pragmatic and analytical skills as they have the liberty to choose from multiple translation strategies depending on the purpose of the translational action, such as domestication or foreignization. The second rule, the Coherence rule, imposes unto translators the requirement that any target text should make sense according to the target culture of the target language so that the receivers can make sense of it. [37] The target community dictates the skopos and influences the translators’ decision as to whether they will take a more literal or liberal approach, and it is often reflected in the introductory section of the Bible. La Skopos Theory also does not dictate a specific principle to adopt for a translation commission,[12] providing translators the decisive power to choose from a variety of strategies. Traduction et terminologie: theories, pratiques, formation - Bucuria Lecturii - Comandă online! [1] The intentionality of a translational action stated in a translation brief, the directives, and the rules guide a translator to attain the expected target text translatum. [16] It states the instruction to execute an assigned action, that is “to translate”. Additionally, these supporters are critical of translations using the critical text because they believe that biblical text has been deliberately deleted from the original autographs. It is a modular text-type (Price, 2013) whose precursory, mutable and multifunctional nature poses a serious challenge to functionalist translation theories. Main Themes: Théorie du SKOPOS, Traduction pour l'oralité et la performance, MAP, Critique Textuelle, Analyse du Discours, and Exégèse et traduction interculturelles. The purpose of the translation is to provide information for prospective international students and their parents. The University of New South Wales is one of Australia’s leading research and teaching universities. (Vermeer, Reiss, 1996, p. 120) •Le principe dominante de toute traduction est sa finalité (skopos). 3. The third directive mentions that a translatum’s function in its target culture may not necessarily be the same as in its source culture, emphasising on its element of irreversibility. Thus, the general skopos theory was established as the foundation of functional theories, with reference to the existing action theory. The Fidelity rule differs from ‘faithfulness’ as the latter is static and unchanging compared to the dynamic nature of the former, where form and degree of the translation changes depending on the translator’s interpretation of the source text.
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