[44], In Athens, there was a statue of Gaia on the Acropolis depicting her beseeching Zeus for rain[45] as well as an image of her close to the court of the Areopagos in Athens, alongside the statues of Plouton and Hermes, "by which sacrifice those who have received an acquittal on the Areopagos".[46]. Visiting Fellow, 1994–2012); Fellow, Birkbeck, University of London, since 2007 – WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO", "This much I know: James Lovelock, scientist, 86, Devon", "James Lovelock – Independent Scientist, Inventor & Author", "James Lovelock by Anne Purkiss | Flickr – Photo Sharing! There is extant among the Greeks an hexameter poem, the name of which is Eumolpia, and it is assigned to Musaeus, son of Antiophemus. [31][32] Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding,[28] the hypothesis postulates that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that acts to sustain life. Afterwards with Uranus, her son, she gave birth to the Titans, as Hesiod tells it: She lay with Heaven and bore deep-swirling Oceanus, Coeus and Crius and Hyperion and Iapetus, Theia and Rhea, Themis and Mnemosyne and gold-crowned Phoebe and lovely Tethys. Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. [61][62], Lovelock married Helen Hyslop in 1942, and they had four children and lived together until 1989 when Helen died of multiple sclerosis. [35] Of the claims "the science is settled" on global warming he states:[44], One thing that being a scientist has taught me is that you can never be certain about anything. The damage caused to the ozone layer by the photolysis of CFCs was later discovered by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. Lex. Most of all, he says, it's about everybody "absolutely doing their utmost to sustain civilization, so that it doesn't degenerate into Dark Ages, with warlords running things, which is a real danger. His father, Tom, had served six months hard labour for poaching in his teens and was illiterate until attending technical college, and later ran a book shop. This is a Roman name of a deity with no Greek counterpart. Drawing from the research of Alfred C. Redfield and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Lovelock first formulated the Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s resulting from his work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars. When Zeus was born, Rhea gave Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling-clothes in his place, which Cronus swallowed, and Gaia took the child into her care. In more ancient days they say that there was an oracle also of Ge (Earth) in this place. There’s nothing much really happening yet. [24] He served as the president of the Marine Biological Association (MBA) from 1986 to 1990, and has been an Honorary Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (formerly Green College, Oxford) since 1994. His electron capture detectors are the most sensitive that have been made and are universally used on pollution problems for residual halogen compounds. Before any geoengineering is put to work a massive amount of research is needed – research which will take 20 to 30 years". . [34] In the non-biological case, the temperature of this planet simply tracks the energy received from the star. Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2000 hatte der Ort 2003 Einwohner. James Ephraim Lovelock (Letchworth, 26 Julie 1919) is 'n voormalige onafhanklike wetenskaplike, skrywer, navorser en omgewingskundige. as Rhea or as Gaia herself. [41] There is nothing in the published interview to suggest that the interviewer sought or Lovelock offered any evidence to support that serious allegation. A lifelong inventor, Lovelock has created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which were designed for NASA in its planetary exploration program. On 8 May 2012, he appeared on the Radio Four series The Life Scientific, talking to Jim al-Khalili about the Gaia hypothesis. [54][55][56] Commenting on the proposal, Corinne Le Quéré, a University of East Anglia researcher, said "It doesn’t make sense. James Ephraim Lovelock, né le 26 juillet 1919 à Letchworth Garden City en Angleterre, est un penseur, scientifique et environnementaliste indépendant britannique. The problem is we don't know what the climate is doing. Gaia is the ancestral mother of all life. Dateiverwendung Die folgende Seite verwendet diese Datei: His chromatographic work has led to investigation of blood lipids in various animals, including arteriosclerotic humans. [19][20][21] After studying the operation of the Earth's sulphur cycle,[22] Lovelock and his colleagues, Robert Jay Charlson, Meinrat Andreae and Stephen G. Warren developed the CLAW hypothesis as a possible example of biological control of the Earth's climate.[23]. In a March 2010 interview with The Guardian newspaper, he said that democracy might have to be "put on hold" to prevent climate change. (In 2012, Lovelock distanced himself from these conclusions, saying he had "gone too far" in describing the consequences of climate change over the next century in this book. [N.B. Some modern sources, such as James Mellaart, Marija Gimbutas, and Barbara Walker, claim that Gaia as Mother Earth is a later form of a pre-Indo-European Great Mother, venerated in Neolithic times. Many[quantify] neopagans worship Gaia. [39] Although these interventions in the public debate on nuclear power are recent, his views on it are longstanding. After leaving school Lovelock worked at a photography firm, attending Birkbeck College during the evenings, before being accepted to study chemistry at the University of Manchester, where he was a student of the Nobel Prize laureate Professor Alexander Todd. [35], Apollo is the best-known as the oracle power behind Delphi, long established by the time of Homer, having killed Gaia's child Python there and usurped the chthonic power. [25][44] He opposes the concept of "sustainable development", where modern economies might be powered by wind turbines, calling it meaningless drivel. He also claims to have invented the microwave oven [5]. Gaia is the ancestral mother of all life. This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 22:48. Az elméletet kezdetben kritikával illették, mivel teleologikusnak és a természetes szelekci ó elveinek ellentmondónak tűnt. Lovelock had invented the electron capture detector, which ultimately assisted in discoveries about the persistence of CFCs and their role in stratospheric ozone depletion. Byla vydána v roce 1988 v nakladatelství W. W. Norton. In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces. Lewensgeskiedenis. Her equivalent in the Roman pantheon was Terra. In his 1988 book The Ages of Gaia he states: I have never regarded nuclear radiation or nuclear power as anything other than a normal and inevitable part of the environment. [9][10], Hesiod's Theogony tells how, after Chaos, "wide-bosomed" Gaia (Earth) arose to be the everlasting seat of the immortals who possess Olympus above. Nellie Annie E. March, GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1980 21 1610 PLYMOUTH. Chthonic Gaia receives a black animal, heavenly Helios a white one.][32]. Among its most prominent critics were the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould, a convergence of opinion among a trio whose views on other scientific matters often diverged. Unie à Ouranos, le dieu du Ciel, elle engendra les six Titans et les six Titanides, puis les Cyclopes et enfin les Hécatonchires (les monstres aux cent bras). In Lovelock's 2006 book, The Revenge of Gaia, he argues that the lack of respect humans have had for Gaia, through the damage done to rainforests and the reduction in planetary biodiversity, is testing Gaia's capacity to minimize the effects of the addition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A New Look at Life on Earth" e co-sviluppata dalla microbiologa Lynn Margulis negli anni '70. [35], In a follow up interview Lovelock stated his support for natural gas; he now favors fracking as a low-polluting alternative to coal. [43] He continued: Even the best democracies agree that when a major war approaches, democracy must be put on hold for the time being. [11] The family moved to London, where Lovelock's dislike of authority made him, by his own account, an unhappy pupil at Strand School.[12]. When energy received from the star is low, black daisies proliferate since they absorb a greater fraction of the heat, but when energy input is high, white daisies predominate since they reflect excess heat. During work on a precursor of this program, Lovelock became interested in the composition of the Martian atmosphere, reasoning that many life forms on Mars would be obliged to make use of it (and, thus, alter it). After them was born Cronos (Cronus) the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty sire. [26][27][28] Other epithets were Calligeneia,[29] Eurusternos,[30] and Pandôros.[31]. However, the experiment did provide the first useful data on the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. He further predicted, the average temperature in temperate regions would increase by as much as 8 °C and by up to 5 °C in the tropics, leaving much of the world's land uninhabitable and unsuitable for farming, with northerly migrations and new cities created in the Arctic. La Terra (Gaia) vista dall' Apollo 17, dicembre 1972 L' ipotesi Gaia è un' ipotesi formulata per la prima volta dallo scienziato inglese James Lovelock nel 1979 in "Gaia. From Uranus' spilled blood, Gaia produced the Erinyes, the Giants, and the Meliae (ash-tree nymphs). [44], He criticizes environmentalists for treating global warming like a religion.[44]. Lovelock states the following in order to explain the concept:[59], Retreat, in his view, means it's time to start talking about changing where we live and how we get our food; about making plans for the migration of millions of people from low-lying regions like Bangladesh into Europe; about admitting that New Orleans is a goner and moving the people to cities better positioned for the future. There was a temple of Ge Eurusternos on the Crathis near Aegae in Achaia with "a very ancient statue":[37]. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaia&oldid=999980772, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [60] Lovelock was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to the study of the Science and Atmosphere in the 1990 New Year Honours and a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to Global Environment Science in the 2003 New Year Honours. In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces. Életrajz. He has been an outspoken member of Environmentalists for Nuclear, asserting that fossil fuel interests have been behind opposition to nuclear energy, citing the effects of carbon dioxide as being more harmful to the environment, and warning of global warming due to the greenhouse effect. Further books by Lovelock and others popularized the Gaia Hypothesis, which was embraced to some extent by New Age environmentalists as part of the heightened awareness of environmental concerns of the 1990s. [citation needed] As the white and black daisies have contrary effects on the planet's overall albedo and temperature, changes in their relative populations stabilise the planet's climate and to keep temperature within an optimal range despite fluctuations in energy from the star. File:James Lovelock in 2005.jpg cropped 78 % horizontally, 58 % vertically, rotated -5° using CropTool with precise mode. Other organs were shown to be susceptible to damage. [39] Gaia hipotezi ilk olarak, James Lovelock'un, Mars'taki yaşamı saptama yöntemleri üzerine NASA adına yaptığı bağımsız bir araştırmanın yan ürünü olarak formüle edildi. [28] He has since stated that he meant "no conceivable toxic hazard". While designing scientific instruments for NASA, he developed the Gaia hypothesis. It just so happens that the green religion is now taking over from the Christian religion. And Cronus used the sickle to castrate his father Uranus as he approached his mother, Gaia, to have sex with her. [17] As each of the Cyclopes and Hecatonchires were born, Uranus hid them in a secret place within Gaia, causing her great pain. The world has not warmed up very much since the millennium. Homeros. Lovelock believes that "you would find the life of me and my wife Sandy to be an unusually happy one in simple beautiful but unpretentious surroundings. [47], In September 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley proposed the construction of ocean pumps to pump water up from below the thermocline to "fertilize algae in the surface waters and encourage them to bloom". Being a chthonic deity, black animals were sacrificed to her: [Sacrifices to the gods as witnesses of an oath :] Bring two lambs : let one be white and the other black for Gaia (Earth) and Helios (Sun). [58], Lovelock thinks the time is past for sustainable development, and that we have come to a time when development is no longer sustainable. Allen Lane. [25], In Novacene (2019) Lovelock proposes that benevolent superintelligence may take over and save the ecosystem, and states that the machines will need to keep organic life around to keep the planet's temperature habitable for electronic life. [22], According to Hyginus, Earth (Gaia), along with Heaven and Sea, were the children of Aether and Day (Hemera). The mother goddess Cybele from Anatolia (modern Turkey) was partly identified by the Greeks with Gaia, but more so with Rhea. je vědecký model předpokládající, že Země je superorganismus, který je schopný autoregulace pomocí organismů, žijících na zemi. Sir James Ephraim Lovelock (* 26. července 1919, Letchworth, Anglie) je nezávislý vědec, autor, environmentalista a futurolog žijící v Cornwallu. Kniha patří k základním textům environmentální literatury, a proto se dočkala mnoha cizojazyčných překladů (česky v roce 1994) a několika vydání. He later explained this claim in an interview with The Manchester Magazine. That just shows how religious greens are. Here the floor opens to the width of a cubit, and they say that along this bed flowed off the water after the deluge that occurred in the time of Deukalion, and into it they cast every year wheat mixed with honey . Gaia, una nueva visión de la vida sobre la Tierra. In 2004 he caused a media sensation when he broke with many fellow environmentalists by pronouncing that "only nuclear power can now halt global warming". You can’t win people round by saying they are guilty for putting (carbon dioxide) in the air. Any woman who may chance not to speak the truth is immediately punished as a result of this test. I find it sad, but all too human, that there are vast bureaucracies concerned about nuclear waste, huge organisations devoted to decommissioning power stations, but nothing comparable to deal with that truly malign waste, carbon dioxide. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, American Chemical Society Award in Chromatography, Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Association of Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy, "The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning by James Lovelock and He Knew He Was Right: The Irrepressible Life of James Lovelock and Gaia by John and Mary Gribbin", Travels with an Electron Capture Detector, "Library and Archive Catalogue EC/1974/16: Lovelock, James Ephraim", "James Lovelock: The UK should be going mad for fracking", "BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific, James Lovelock", "Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11 CFC-12, CFC-113, and carbon tetrachloride", "James Lovelock: 'Any Further Interference Is Likely to Be Disastrous, The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever that may last as long as 100,000 years, "James Lovelock: Humans are too stupid to prevent climate change", "James Lovelock letter on wind turbines Broadbury Ridge", "Novacene by James Lovelock review – a big welcome for the AI takeover", "Ocean pipes could help the Earth to cure itself", Scientists propose 'plumbing' method to solve crisis of global warming, James Lovelock's plan to pump ocean water to stop climate change, Pipes hung in the sea could help planet to 'heal itself', "How sea tubes could slow climate change", "The last green taboo: engineering the planet", "Geo-engineering might cause, not cure, problems", http://www.jameslovelock.org/degrees-awards-and-prizes/, https://www.gtc.ox.ac.uk/about/fellows/james-lovelock/, https://www.exeter.ac.uk/honorarygraduates/previous/, https://www.kent.ac.uk/governance/honorary-degrees/Past%20Honorary%20Degrees%20-%20February%202020.pdf, https://www.cu.edu/regents/honorary-degrees-university-medals-and-distinguished-service-awards-1951-2000, https://www.mba.ac.uk/blog/occasion-100th-birthday-james-lovelock, "Lovelock, Prof. James Ephraim, (born 26 July 1919), independent scientist, since 1964; Senior Research Fellow, Green Templeton College (formerly Green College), Oxford, since 2012 (Hon.
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