sargon ii israël

Mark, published on 03 July 2014 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. He called his personal bodyguard around him and then, as Bauer writes: He led them in a frantic and suicidal attack on the nearest wing of Rusas’s force. He therefore launched his invasion of Urartu in 714 BCE to carefully avoid an obvious frontal attack. He conquered Samaria and destroyed the kingdom of Israel. The Destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel with Map "Therefore the LORD was very angry with Israel, and removed them from His sight; there was none left but the tribe of Judah alone. He understood, however, that these kinds of invasions would continue and he would have to repeatedly expend time and resources in dealing with them. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. "who made the House of Omri totter." The Illil of the gods, in the wrath of his heart, overthrew his rule and appointed me, Sargon, as king of Assyria. As the siege dragged on, negotiations were started and in 709 BC it was agreed that the city would surrender and tear down its exterior walls in exchange for Sargon sparing the life of Marduk-apla-iddina. ". Sargon II. The retreat turned into a rout. Usurper. At the time, scholars of the Ancient Near East were dependent on classical authors and the Old Testament of the Bible. Further increasing the prestige of the small kingdom was its role as the recognized heir of the ancient Hittite Empire of the 2nd millennium BC, holding a semi-hegemonic position among the Anatolian and Syrian kingdoms in former Hittite lands. 721–705 b.c.e. Sargon II (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Šarru-kīn,[2][3] probably meaning "the faithful king"[3] or "the legitimate king")[4] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the downfall of his predecessor Shalmaneser V in 722 BC to his death in battle in 705 BC. Neo-Assyrian Empireby Ningyou (Public Domain). These Israelites became known as the `lost ten tribes’ not because the people themselves were lost, but because their identity as descendants of Abraham and worshippers of Yahweh was dissipated into the new wild areas where they were now forced to make their homes. Answer: Assyria’s conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel began approximately 740 BC under King Pul. Josiah, king of Judah, attacked the Egyptian army when Necho the king of Egypt went to help the king of Assyria; Josiah died in the battle.. Name and background. Shalmaneser I (r. 1274-1245 BCE) first mentioned Urartu in Assyrian inscriptions in relating his conquest of the kingdom but, since his time, the Urartians showed themselves resilient and resourceful in that, each time they were beaten, they rose again. The Kingdom of Urartu (also known as the biblical Kingdom of Ararat and Kingdom of Van) had grown in power throughout the 13th to the 11th century BCE. His power and greatness were expressed with titles such as "great king" and "mighty king". A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. He explicitly identified himself as Tiglath-Pileser's son in only two of his many inscriptions and referred to his "royal fathers" in one of his stelae. Sargon II (assyrien Šarru-kīn ou Šarru-kēn) fut roi d'Assyrie de 722 jusqu'en 705 av. Bauer notes: The reliefs in his new palace at [Dur-Sharrukin] show his greatness; his huge figure pushes even the forms of the gods into the background. To celebrate his victory, and create a lasting monument to his campaign, he turned his attention to the construction and adornment of his city Dur-Sharrukin in the year 713 BCE. [7] Sargon of Akkad had also risen to the throne through usurpation, beginning his reign by seizing power from the ruler of the city Kish, Ur-Zababa. Sargon II’s army was repelled by the Elamites (the Babylonians arrived too late to have any effect) and left the field; and so he lost the city of Babylon and the regions of the south. [17], Another possible interpretation is that the name means "the legitimate king" and thus might have been a name chosen to enforce the king's legitimacy after his usurpation of the throne. [55] The exhibition of architecture excavated at Dur-Sharrukin and the translation of the inscriptions uncovered at the city in the 1860s substantiated the idea that Sargon was a king distinct from the others. 721 to 702, and seems to have been a usurper.He was undoubtedly a great and successful warrior. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Sargon as such likely sought to emulate aspects of the ancient Akkadian king. Royal Inscription of Sargon - MS 2368 Nimrud Prism IV 25-41: Mentions conquest of Bit-Humriya (House of Omri) Israel. [11], Though inspiration was taken from the layout of Kalhu, the plans of the two cities were not identical. In 720 BC, the Assyrians and Elamites (the Babylonians arriving too late to the battlefield to actually fight) met in battle at the plains outside the city Der, the same battlefield where the Persians two centuries later would defeat the forces of the last Babylonian king, Nabonidus. In the lands surrounding a river called the Uknu, Sargon's forces defeated Aramean and Elamite soldiers, which would prevent these peoples aiding Marduk-apla-iddina. Dur-Athara had been fortified by Marduk-apla-iddina but was quickly taken by Sargon's forces and renamed Dur-Nabu with a new province, "Gambulu", proclaimed as composing the territory surrounding the city. was ’n Assiriese koning. Certains historiens attribuent la facilité de la défaite d'Israël aux deux décennies précédentes d'invasions, de défaites et de déportations. Through study of his greatest building project, Dur-Sharrukin, he has been seen as a patron of the arts and culture and he was a prolific builder of monuments and temples, both in Dur-Sharrukin and elsewhere. In 715 BCE Urartu mounted a full-scale invasion and took 22 Assyrian cities along the border. [15] Sargon II sharing the name of one of Mesopotamia's greatest ancient conquerors was not coincidental; names in ancient Mesopotamia were important and deliberate. [43] Like all other Assyrian kings, Sargon went to great lengths to leave behind testimonies to his glory, striving to outdo the accomplishments of his predecessors, creating detailed annals and a vast amount of royal inscriptions and erecting stelae and monuments to commememorate his conquests and mark the borders of his empire. This specific resettlement resulted in the famous loss of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. [25] At this point, the Assyrians had been marching through difficult and unfamiliar terrain and though they had been granted supplies and waters by the recently subjugated Medes, they were exhausted. His soldiers, familiar with these actions being carried out against Sargon's enemies, might have seen the threats as enough and not required actual examples to be made for obedience. [11] Sargon did not immediately march to Babylon, instead marching alongside the eastern bank of the river Tigris until he reached the city Dur-Athara, near a river the Assyrians called the Surappu. Doubtless the total number carried away was significant, for Samaria never recovered as a power from the expulsion and never again became the dominant force that the northern kingdom of Israel had been. [29], After the Babylonian reconquest, Sargon was proclaimed King of Babylon by the citizens of the city and spent the next three years in Babylon, in Marduk-apla-iddina's palace,[27] receiving homage and gifts from rulers as far away from the heartland of his empire as Bahrain and Cyprus. His body could not be recovered by the soldiers and was lost to the enemy.[11][20]. It is from Sargon’s own inscriptions and the writings of later chroniclers that the exploits and achievements of King Sargon II are known today and it is from these that his legacy as a great king have come to be recognized. [24] Furthermore, the Assyrians were primarily lowland fighters with no experience in mountain warfare. Last modified July 03, 2014. With a projected area of almost three square kilometres, the city was to be the largest city in Assyria and Sargon began irrigation projects to provide water for the massive amount of agriculture which would be required to sustain the city's inhabitants. He was the king who conquered Israel. ", "The struggle of king Sargon II of Assyria against the Chaldaean Merodach-Baladan (710-707 B.C. [25] The official casus belli explicitly for the plunder of this holy city was that its ruler, Urzana, had betrayed the Assyrians but the real reasons were probably economical. To triumph, Sargon needed to defeat Urartu once and for all, a task which had been impossible for previous Assyrian kings due to the kingdom's strategic location in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains; when the Assyrians invaded, the Urartians usually simply retreated into the mountains to regroup and later return. While Kalhu had been renovated extensively by Ashurnasirpal II, it was still a settlement that had grown over time somewhat organically. In total, 1,155–1,300 letters have been discovered from Sargon's time, though many of these are unrelated to the king himself. The new king, who had been repeatedly left at home while Sargon II embarked on glorious campaigns, clearly resented his father as he wrote nothing and built nothing to honor his memory. [53], Prior to the rediscovery of Dur-Sharrukin in the 1840s, Sargon was an obscure figure in Assyriology. Sargon spent some time at Dur-Nabu, sending his troops on expeditions to the east and south to make the people living there submit to his rule. This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 20:21. "Sargon II." Sargon II is recorded on the Bible Timeline Chart around 721 BC. 8. [6], Though it was chiefly during the time of Sargon and his successors that Assyria was transformed from a kingdom primarily based in the Mesopotamian heartland to a truly multinational and multi-ethnic empire, the foundations which allowed this development were laid during Tiglath-Pileser's reign through extensive civil and military reforms. [11][20] The most brutal atrocities described in Sargon's inscriptions do not necessarily reflect reality; though scribes would have been present during his campaigns, realism and accuracy were not as important as propaganda (serving both to reinforce the king's glory and to intimidate Assyria's other enemies). Since there exist no records of such punishment ever actually being carried out, it is likely that these were simply threats. Sargon II’s unprecedented demise shattered that myth of Assyrian invincibility. Before Tiglath-Pileser came to the throne in 745 BC, Assyria had been continually ruled by the Adaside dynasty since the 18th century BC, a timespan of roughly a thousand years. In 719 BC and 717 BC, the Urartians conducted minor invasions across the northern border, forcing Sargon to send troops to keep them away. Should one day pass by, you will die. [41], Unlike some "great conquerors" of history, such as Alexander the Great, Sargon was not a charismatic leader. Sargon II writes of them respectfully, even though they were his enemies, as noted by Bauer: Sargon’s own accounts speak admiringly of the Urartian king Rusas and the network of canals and wells which he built; of the herds of well-bred and guarded horses, raised in protected valleys until they were needed for war; of the splendid efficiency of Urartian communication, with watchtowers built high on mountain peaks, guarding heaps of fuel that could be lit at a moment’s notice. [31] After the campaign had concluded, the Cypriotes, probably with the aid of an Assyrian stonemason sent by the royal court,[32] fashioned the Sargon Stele. The king of Assyria brought people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath, and Sepharvaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria in place of the people of Israel; they took possession of Samaria, and settle in its cities (2 Kings 17.24).. Sargon II succeeded Shalmaneser V as king of Assyria during or shortly after the siege of Samaria, which is described in 2 Kings … In the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1886), Sargon had his own entry and by the turn of the century he was as accepted and recognized as his previously more well-known predecessors and successors. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian monarchs, Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul) and Shalmaneser V.The later Assyrian rulers Sargon II … After Sargon ascended to the throne, he quickly abolished the tax and labor policies that were in place (and which he criticized in his later inscriptions) and then proceeded to quickly resolve Shalmaneser's campaigns. [21] The shortest path from Assyria to Urartu's heartland went through the Kel-i-šin pass in the Taurus Mountains. [11], Having defeated his enemy and fearing that his army may turn on him if he pursued Rusa into the mountains or pushed them further into Urartu, Sargon decided to march back to Assyria. Having conquered the south, Sargon II marched to Babylon and claimed kingship. Sargon was successful in conquering the Kingdom of Ashdod in modern-day Israel in 711 BC and successfully incorporated the Syro-Hittite kingdoms of Gurgum (711 BC) and Kummuhhu (708 BC) into the Assyrian Empire. Though the kingdom had been suppressed by Tiglath-Pileser III, it had not been completely conquered or defeated and had risen again during Shalmaneser V's time as king and had begun making repeated border incursions into Assyrian territory. [42], Though not as famous as Sargon of Akkad, who had become legendary even in Sargon II's time, the large amount of sources left behind from Sargon II's reign means that he is better known from historical sources than the Akkadian king. [14] Shalmaneser is only mentioned in one of Sargon's inscriptions: Shalmaneser, who did not fear the king of the world, whose hands have brought sacrilege in this city [Assur], put on his people, he imposed the compulsory work and a heavy corvée, paid them like a working class. During the reign of Shalmaneser V, Urartu had risen again and was making incursions into Assyria from bases along the border. When Rusa I arrived with his army to defend his country, Sargon's army refused to fight. [23], Sargon left Kalhu to attack Urartu in July 714 BC and would have needed at least ten days to reach the Kel-i-šin pass, 190 kilometres (118 miles) away. [11][27] The city was fortified, a great ditch was dug surrounding its walls and the surrounding countryside was flooded through a canal dug from the Euphrates. The book of Isaiah provides a very brief passage about Sargon II which tells of the Assyrian capture of the Philistine city of Ashdod by Sargon’s commander in chief (20:1). Regardless of his parentage, the succession from Shalmaneser V to Sargon is likely to have been awkward. Sargon II Basalt Steleby Ronnie Jones III (CC BY-NC-SA). [11][20], The political uncertainty in Assyria also led to a rebellion in Babylonia, the once independent kingdom in southern Mesopotamia. Instead of sending someone else to handle the campaign, Sargon II again left Sennacherib in charge of the government and led his army across Mesopotamia and into Anatolia. The last time he had marched on Babylon and her Elamite allies, he had taken a straight-forward approach and been defeated; this time he decided on another tactic. In the same year, the Mannaeans, subjected to Urartu and living around Lake Urmia, rebelled due to the 716 BC Assyrian attack against them and had to be suppressed. Because the kingdom had been threatened by the Assyrians before, the southern border of Urartu was not entirely defenseless. [11] After Sennacherib's reign, Sargon was sometimes mentioned as the ancestor of later kings. The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the... A History of the Ancient Near East ca. Though Sargon's relation to his supposed father Tiglath-Pileser III and supposed older brother Shalmaneser V is not entirely certain, he is confidently known to have had a younger brother, Sîn-ahu-usur, who by 714 BC was in command of Sargon's royal cavalry guard and had his own residence at Dur-Sharrukin. Sargon II: Sargon II (762 BC - 705 BC) was a king of many kingdoms from 722 BC until 705 BC.

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